Lists of earthquakes

The following is a list of earthquake lists, and of top earthquakes by magnitude and fatalities.

Contents

Main lists

Lists of earthquakes by country

Largest earthquakes by magnitude

Listed below are all known earthquakes measured or estimated to have a moment magnitude scale or Richter magnitude scale of 8.5 and above.

This list is biased towards recent years due to development and widespread deployment of seismometers. Also, records that were detailed enough to make magnitude estimates (est.) were not generally available before 1900.[1]

Date Location Name Magnitude
01960-05-22May 22, 1960 Valdivia, Chile 1960 Valdivia earthquake 9.5
01964-03-27March 27, 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA 1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2
02004-12-26December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 9.1–9.3
01952-11-04November 4, 1952 Kamchatka, Russia (then USSR) 1952 Kamchatka earthquakes 9.0[2]
02011-03-11March 11, 2011 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 2011 Tōhoku earthquake 9.0[3][4][5]
01833-11-25November 25, 1833 Sumatra, Indonesia 1833 Sumatra earthquake 8.8–9.2 (est.)
01906-01-31January 31, 1906 Ecuador – Colombia 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake 8.8
02010-02-27February 27, 2010 Maule, Chile 2010 Chile earthquake 8.8
01700-01-26January 26, 1700 Pacific Ocean, USA and Canada 1700 Cascadia earthquake 8.7–9.2 (est.)[6]
01730-07-08July 8, 1730 Valparaiso, Chile 1730 Valparaiso earthquake 8.7–9.0 (est.)[7]
01755-11-01November 1, 1755 Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1755 Lisbon earthquake 8.7 (est.)[8]
01965-02-04February 4, 1965 Rat Islands, Alaska, USA 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 8.7
00869-07-09 July 9, 869 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 869 Sanriku earthquake 8.6 (est.)
01498-09-20 September 20, 1498 Pacific Ocean, Nankai Trough, Japan 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake 8.6 (est.)
01707-10-28October 28, 1707 Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan 1707 Hōei earthquake 8.6 (est.)
01950-08-15August 15, 1950 Assam, India – Tibet, China 1950 Medog earthquake 8.6
01957-03-09March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 8.6
02005-03-28March 28, 2005 Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 Sumatra earthquake 8.6
01868-08-13August 13, 1868 Arica, Chile (then Peru) 1868 Arica earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)[9]
01575-12-16December 16, 1575 Valdivia, Chile (Kingdom of Chile) 1575 Valdivia earthquake 8.5 (est.)
01687-10-20October 20, 1687 Lima, Peru (Viceroyalty of Peru) 1687 Peru earthquake 8.5 (est.)
01751-05-24May 24, 1751 Concepción, Chile (Kingdom of Chile) 1751 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
01922-11-11November 11, 1922 Atacama Region, Chile 1922 Vallenar earthquake 8.5 [10]
01923-02-03February 3, 1923 Kamchatka, Russia (USSR) 1923 Kamchatka earthquakes 8.5 [11]
01938-02-01February 1, 1938 Banda Sea, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) 1938 Banda Sea earthquake 8.5
01963-10-13October 13, 1963 Kuril Islands, Russia (USSR) 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake 8.5 [11]
02007-09-12September 12, 2007 Sumatra, Indonesia 2007 Sumatra earthquakes 8.5

Deadliest earthquakes on record

Main article: Deadly earthquakes
Deadliest earthquakes[12]
Rank Name Date Location Fatalities Magnitude Notes
1 "Shaanxi" 01556-01-23January 23, 1556 Shaanxi, China 820,000–830,000 (est.)[13] 8.0 (est.) Estimated death toll in Shaanxi, China.
2 "Tangshan" 01976-07-28July 28, 1976 Tangshan, China 242,419–779,000 7.5–7.8
3 "Antioch" 00526-05-21 May 21, 526 Antioch, Turkey (then Byzantine Empire) 250,000[14] 7.0 (est.)[15] Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus.
4 "Gansu" 01920-12-16December 16, 1920 Ningxia–Gansu, China 235,502[16] 7.8 Major fractures, landslides.
5 "Indian Ocean" 02004-12-26December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 230,210+[17][18] 9.1–9.3 Deaths from earthquake and resulting tsunami.
6 "Aleppo" 01138-10-11October 11, 1138 Aleppo, Syria 230,000 Unknown The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[19]
7 "Haiti" 02010-01-12January 12, 2010 Haiti 222,570 (Haitian sources)
50,000–92,000 (non-Haitian sources)		 7.0 Estimate June 2010.[20]
8 "Damghan" 00856-12-22 December 22, 856 Damghan, Iran 200,000 (est.) 7.9 (est.)
9 "Ardabil" 00893-03-22 March 22, 893 Ardabil, Iran 150,000 (est.) Unknown Reports probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[21] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[22]
10 "Great Kantō" 01923-09-01September 1, 1923 Kantō region, Japan 142,800[23] 7.9 An earthquake which struck the Kantō plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 on the morning of September 1, 1923. Varied accounts hold that the duration of the earthquake was between 4 and 10 minutes. The quake had an epicenter deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. It devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region.[24] The power and intensity of the earthquake is easy to underestimate, but the 1923 earthquake managed to move the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura. The statue slid forward almost two feet.[25] Casualty estimates range from about 100,000 to 142,800 deaths, the latter figure including approximately 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead.
11 "Messina" 01908-12-28December 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 123,000[26] 7.1 On December 28, 1908 from about 5:20 to 5:21 am an earthquake of 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale occurred centered on Messina, a city in Sicily. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage. The ground shook for some 30 to 40 seconds, and the destruction was felt within a 300 km radius. Moments after the earthquake, a 40 feet (12 m) tsunami struck nearby coasts causing even more devastation. 93% of structures in Messina were destroyed and some 70,000 residents were killed. Rescuers searched through the rubble for weeks, and whole families were still being pulled out alive days later, but thousands remained buried there. Buildings in the area had not been constructed for earthquake resistance, having heavy roofs and vulnerable foundations.
12 "Ashgabat" 01948-10-06October 6, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 110,000 7.3
13 "Genroku" 01703-12-31December 31, 1703 Edo, Japan 108,800 Unknown This earthquake shook Edo and killed an estimated 2,300 people. The earthquake is thought to have been an interplate earthquake whose focal region extended from Sagami Bay to the tip of the Bōsō Peninsula as well as the area along the Sagami Trough in the open sea southeast of the Boso Peninsula. This earthquake then resulted in a tsunami which hit the coastal areas of the Boso Peninsula and Sagami Bay. This caused more than 6,500 deaths, particularly on the Boso Peninsula. The Habu Pond on Izu Ōshima collapsed and it rushed into the sea. The tsunami was reported to have caused more than 100,000 fatalities.
14 "Lisbon" 01755-11-01November 1, 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 10,000–100,000 8.5–9.0 (est.) Includes several thousands of deaths in Morocco and Spain

Property damages caused by earthquake

Rank Name Magnitude Property damages
1 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Japan 9.0[27] $122 billion[28]
2 Great Hanshin earthquake, Japan 7.2 $100 billion
3 2008 Sichuan earthquake, China 8.0 $75 billion[29]
4 2010 Chile earthquake, Chile 8.8 $15-30 billion[30]
5 1994 Northridge earthquake, United States 6.7 $20 billion
6 2011 Christchurch earthquake, New Zealand 6.3[31] $12 billion
7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, United States 6.9[32] $11 billion
8 921 earthquake, Taiwan 7.6 $10 billion
9 1906 San Francisco earthquake, United States 7.9[33] $9.5 billion
10 1960 Valdivia earthquake, Chile 9.5[34] $2.9-5.8 billion

See also

References

  1. ^ Weeks, Linton (2011-03-13). "The Recorded History Of Quakes Is A Long One". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/2011/03/13/134475802/the-recorded-history-of-quakes-is-a-long-one. 
  2. ^ "Historic Earthquakes — Kamchatka." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
  3. ^ "New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest". CBS News. 14 March 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/14/501364/main20043126.shtml. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  4. ^ Reilly, Michael (11 March 2011). "Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  5. ^ USGS analysis as of 2011-03-12
  6. ^ Atwater, B.F.; Musumi-Rokkaku S., Satake K., Tsuji Y., Ueda K. & Yamaguchi D.K. (2005). "The Orphan Tsunami of 1700". Professional Paper 1707. USGS. p. 98. http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1707/pp1707.pdf. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  7. ^ "Historic World Earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey, November 23, 2009.
  8. ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Lisbon, Portugal." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
  9. ^ "Historic Earthquakes — Arica." U.S. Geological Survey, October 21, 2009.
  10. ^ "Historic Earthquakes — Chile-Argentina Border." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
  11. ^ a b "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900." U.S. Geological Survey, March 7, 2010
  12. ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  13. ^ International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). ISBN 90-6191-664-X.
  14. ^ "Annals 48, 3, 2005+app1" (PDF). http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  15. ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=131&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 
  16. ^ Utsu, T.. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html. Retrieved 3 June 2010. 
  17. ^ If the death toll in Myanmar was 400–600 as claimed by dissident groups there, rather than just 61 or 90, more than 230,000 people would have perished in total from the tsunami.
  18. ^ "Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest". AsiaNews.it. 2005-01-04. Archived from the original on 2006-10-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20061009053106/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=2255. Retrieved 2011-02-12. "A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same." 
  19. ^ Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
  20. ^ "Earthquake.USGS.gov". Earthquake.USGS.gov.. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  21. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780521021876. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1JkfKub5vakC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=893+ardabil+earthquake&ots=VBmpsiGtzu&sig=5l-4JthzJg4BN6TnHBI-ADmgAsc#v=onepage&q=893%20ardabil%20earthquake&f=false. Retrieved 29 September 2011. 
  22. ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 9789048187010. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BHgOwNCGbnAC&pg=PA566&dq=893+ardabil+earthquake&hl=en&ei=PJGDTu6gDtCg-waUpv2rDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=893%20ardabil%20earthquake&f=false. 
  23. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=1&submit=View+Date
  24. ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
  25. ^ Great Buddha: blog
  26. ^ The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  27. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php
  28. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/japan-looks-for-market-stability-after-quake-2240323.html
  29. ^ http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-5-26/71022.html
  30. ^ http://hqweb.unep.org/yearbook/2011/
  31. ^ http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html
  32. ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1127/chapter1.pdf
  33. ^ http://seismo.berkeley.edu/faq/1906_0.html
  34. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_05_22.php

External links